Giving farmers the rights is the basis of social survival and economic development, is also the basic conditions of promoting social economic efficiency. Therefore, highlighting the economic efficiency of the "decentralization" has been through the main line of China's rural economic reform. The study of agricultural development should only pay attention to the problems of resource constraints, technological change, popularization and the improvement of agricultural productivity, but also pay more attention to the source and process of agricultural system innovation more fully analyzed. From the perspective of efficiency and fairness, this paper points out that the core of deepening the reform of rural areas in China is to restore the peasant 's dominant position in the market economy, to respect and protect the basic rights of the peasants.

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